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"deserves credit," "worthy of A-level," "very well qualified"), but each rating must be unitary. If raters are asked to consider or score separate aspects of the writing (e.g., organization, style, reasoning, support), their final holistic score is not mathematically derived from that initial consideration or those scores.
Automated essay scoring (AES) is the use of specialized computer programs to assign grades to essays written in an educational setting. It is a form of educational assessment and an application of natural language processing .
Writing assessment refers to an area of study that contains theories and practices that guide the evaluation of a writer's performance or potential through a writing task. Writing assessment can be considered a combination of scholarship from composition studies and measurement theory within educational assessment. [1]
In the realm of US education, a rubric is a "scoring guide used to evaluate the quality of students' constructed responses" according to James Popham. [1] In simpler terms, it serves as a set of criteria for grading assignments.
Writing education in the United States at a national scale using methods other than direct teacher–student tutorial were first implemented in the 19th century. [1] [2] The positive association between students' development of the ability to use writing to refine and synthesize their thinking [3] and their performance in other disciplines is well-documented.
Writing makes up 14% of the score, when the writing portfolio is combined with students On-demand Writing test scores. In the 2006-07 school-year, the Kentucky Board of Education [2] recommended changing to an analytic scoring rubric to align the state with national standards and to improve writing skills by giving more precise feedback to the ...
creation of the holistic-scoring approach to writing assessment, a means of rapidly and reliably judging the quality of essay text, which allowed direct writing assessment to become a more affordable alternative to multiple-choice questions for large-scale testing programs; [23] [24]
Anchor papers are frequently used in standards based assessment, authentic assessment and holistic grading, where essay prompts are more common. They are especially used when grading essay responses on a mass scale, such as by graders working for the College Board. [1] Typically, any particular grading project only employs a few anchor papers.