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FR-4 (or FR4) is a NEMA grade designation for glass-reinforced epoxy laminate material. FR-4 is a composite material composed of woven fiberglass cloth with an epoxy resin binder that is flame resistant ( self-extinguishing ).
This is done through various substrates, both rigid and flexible, most commonly FR4 for rigid, and polyimide for flexible. [1] Silicon and glass are also evaluated as an integration method. [6] [7] Interposer stacks are also a widely accepted, cost-effective alternative to 3D ICs.
The resist material protects the copper from dissolution into the etching solution. The etched board is then cleaned. A PCB design can be mass-reproduced in a way similar to the way photographs can be mass-duplicated from film negatives using a photographic printer. FR-4 glass epoxy is the most common insulating substrate.
Composite epoxy materials (CEM) are a group of composite materials typically made from woven glass fabric surfaces and non-woven glass core combined with epoxy synthetic resin. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] They are typically used in printed circuit boards .
FR4 may refer to: FR-4 or FR4, a NEMA grade designation for glass-reinforced epoxy laminate material The Magister , the fourth supplement of the Forgotten Realms series role-playing game
In circuit boards made of FR-4 material, the signal velocity is typically about six inches (15 cm) per nanosecond, or 6.562 ps/mm. In circuit boards made of Polyimide material, the signal velocity is typically about 16.3 cm per nanosecond or 6.146 ps/mm. In these boards, permeability is usually constant and dielectric constant often varies from ...
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