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  2. Heterophoria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterophoria

    Heterophoria occurs only during dissociation of the left eye and right eye, when fusion of the eyes is absent. If you cover one eye (e.g., with your hand) you remove the sensory information about the eye's position in the orbit. Without this, there is no stimulus to binocular fusion, and the eye will move to a position of "rest".

  3. Strabismus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabismus

    Strabismus, also known as crossed eyes or squint, is a condition where the eyes do not point at the same object. It can cause double vision, amblyopia, and psychosocial problems. Learn about the types, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of strabismus.

  4. Cover test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_test

    A cover test is an objective determination of the presence and amount of ocular deviation, such as strabismus or phoria. It involves covering and uncovering one eye while observing the movement of the other eye with a fixation target at different distances.

  5. Maddox rod - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddox_rod

    The Maddox rod test is a subjective method to measure horizontal and vertical deviations of the eyes, using a red line and a white light. The double Maddox rod test can also assess torsion and cyclotropias, by comparing the angles of two red lines.

  6. Exotropia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotropia

    Exotropia is a form of strabismus where the eyes are deviated outward, causing crossed diplopia and loss of binocular vision. Learn about the signs, symptoms, causes, and treatment options for exotropia, such as glasses, patching, exercises, surgery, and vision therapy.

  7. Fixation disparity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixation_disparity

    Fixation disparity is a tendency of the eyes to drift in the direction of the heterophoria.While the heterophoria refers to a fusion-free vergence state, the fixation disparity refers to a small misalignment of the visual axes when both eyes are open in an observer with normal fusion and binocular vision. [1]

  8. Maddox wing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddox_Wing

    Maddox wing is an instrument for measuring strabismus (eye misalignment) by dissociating the eyes with septa and arrows. Learn about its indications, equipment, method, interpretation, advantages, disadvantages and considerations.

  9. Esophoria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophoria

    Esophoria is an eye condition involving inward deviation of the eye, usually due to extra-ocular muscle imbalance. It is a type of heterophoria and can be caused by refractive errors, divergence insufficiency or convergence excess.