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Acid rain is rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH).Most water, including drinking water, has a neutral pH that exists between 6.5 and 8.5, but acid rain has a pH level lower than this and ranges from 4–5 on average.
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Diagram depicting the sources and cycles of acid rain precipitation. Freshwater acidification occurs when acidic inputs enter a body of fresh water through the weathering of rocks, invasion of acidifying gas (e.g. carbon dioxide), or by the reduction of acid anions, like sulfate and nitrate within a lake, pond, or reservoir. [1]
The sulfuric acid dissolves the carbonates in the hardened cement paste (HCP), and also calcium hydroxide (portlandite: Ca(OH) 2) and calcium silicate hydrate (CaO·SiO 2 ·nH 2 O), and causes strength loss, as well as producing sulfates which are harmful to concrete. [19] H 2 SO 4 + Ca(OH) 2 → CaSO 4 + 2 H 2 O H 2 SO 4 + CaO·SiO 2 ·n H 2 O ...
[5] [6] It results in the generation of silicic acid in aqueous environments. Silicic acid, Si(OH) 4, is a hydrated form of silica found only as an unstable solution in water, yet it plays a central role in the silica cycle. [1] Silicifiers are organisms that use silicic acid to precipitate biogenic silica, SiO 2.
Conversely, the addition of acid converts weak acid anions to CO 2 and continuous addition of strong acids can cause the alkalinity to become less than zero. [12] For example, the following reactions take place during the addition of acid to a typical seawater solution: B(OH) − 4 + H + → B(OH) 3 + H 2 O OH − + H + → H 2 O PO 3− 4 + 2 ...
The Eastern Canadian Provinces (dark green) were the focal point in Canada's mitigation plan towards minimizing acid rain in the country, and lead to the implementation of the Eastern Canada Acid Rain Program in 1985. The United States-Canada Air Quality Agreement initially prioritized the reduction of acid rain within each country. [13]
Turów Power Station, a thermal power station in Bogatynia, Poland Effects of acid rain in the Jizera Mountains in 2006. The Black Triangle (German: Schwarzes Dreieck, Lower Sorbian: Carny tsirozk, Upper Sorbian: Čorny trirózk) is the border region between Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic, long characterized by extremely high levels of pollution.