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  2. Literal and figurative language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/.../Literal_and_figurative_language

    Literal language is the usage of words exactly according to their direct, straightforward, or conventionally accepted meanings: their denotation. Figurative (or non-literal ) language is the usage of words in a way that deviates from their conventionally accepted definitions in order to convey a more complex meaning or a heightened effect. [ 1 ]

  3. Language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language

    Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary.It is the primary means by which humans convey meaning, both in spoken and signed forms, and may also be conveyed through writing.

  4. Standard language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language

    A standard language (or standard variety, standard dialect, standardized dialect or simply standard) is any language variety that has undergone substantial codification of its grammar, lexicon, writing system, or other features and that stands out among related varieties in a community as the one with the highest status or prestige.

  5. Literary language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_language

    The modern standard language is closely based on the Classical language, and most Arabs consider the two varieties to be two registers of the same language. Literary Arabic or classical Arabic is the official language of all Arab countries and is the only form of Arabic taught in schools at all stages [ clarification needed ] [ citation needed ] .

  6. Plain meaning rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_meaning_rule

    The plain meaning rule attempts to guide courts faced with litigation that turns on the meaning of a term not defined by the statute, or on that of a word found within a definition itself. According to the plain meaning rule, absent a contrary definition within the statute, words must be given their plain, ordinary and literal meaning.

  7. PDF - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF

    PDF 2.0 defines 256-bit AES encryption as the standard for PDF 2.0 files. The PDF Reference also defines ways that third parties can define their own encryption systems for PDF. PDF files may be digitally signed, to provide secure authentication; complete details on implementing digital signatures in PDF are provided in ISO 32000-2.

  8. Linguistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics

    Linguistics is the scientific study of language. [1] [2] [3] The areas of linguistic analysis are syntax (rules governing the structure of sentences), semantics (meaning), morphology (structure of words), phonetics (speech sounds and equivalent gestures in sign languages), phonology (the abstract sound system of a particular language, and analogous systems of sign languages), and pragmatics ...

  9. Linguistic norm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_norm

    The literary norm, linguistic norm, linguistic standard, or language norm is a historically determined set of commonly used language assets, as well as rules for their selection and use, which have been recognized by society as the most appropriate in a particular historical period. These are the collective rules for implementing the language ...