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  2. Livonian War - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_War

    The Livonian War (1558–1583) concerned control of Old Livonia (in the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia). The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm , the Kingdom of Sweden , and the Union (later Commonwealth ) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland .

  3. Min izāmō - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_izāmō

    "Min izāmō" ("My Fatherland"; Latvian: Mana tēvzeme) is the ethnic anthem of the Livonians. The song was written by Kōrli Stalte (1870–1947), a poet and spiritual leader of Livonians, to a melody composed by Fredrik Pacius (the same melody used for the anthems of Finland and Estonia).

  4. Livonians - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonians

    Also, a Livonian language choir was founded and Livonian song festivals were held along the entire Livonian Coast. Furthermore, a Livonian flag was adopted, with the colours green (for the forests), white (for the beaches) and blue (for the sea), and a division similar to the Latvian flag (three horizontal bars with the middle one-half as wide ...

  5. List of wars involving the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the...

    This is a list of wars involving the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795). [a] Victory Defeat Another result* *e.g. result unknown or indecisive/inconclusive, result of internal conflict inside Poland–Lithuania, status quo ante bellum, or a treaty or peace without a clear result.

  6. Livonia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia

    The Livonian Order was a largely autonomous branch of the Teutonic Knights (or Teutonic Order) and a member of the Livonian Confederation from 1418 to 1561. After being defeated by Lithuanian forces in the 1236 Battle of Saule, the remnants of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword were incorporated into the Teutonic Knights as the Livonian Order ...

  7. Kingdom of Livonia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Livonia

    The Kingdom of Livonia [a] was a nominal state in what is now the territory of Estonia and Latvia.Russian tsar Ivan IV declared the establishment of the kingdom during the Livonian War of 1558–1583, but it never functioned properly as a polity.

  8. Duchy of Courland and Semigallia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semi...

    The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia [a] was a duchy in the Baltic region, then known as Livonia, that existed from 1561 to 1569 as a nominal vassal state of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and subsequently made part of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom from 1569 to 1726 [1] and incorporated into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1726. [2]

  9. Lithuanian Crusade - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Crusade

    Through the Livonian Crusade, they conquered the Terra Mariana that bordered Lithuanian Samogitia, which increased conflicts. [7] Those conflicts reached their apex in 1236 with the Battle of Saule near Šiauliai—the Livonian Brothers of the Sword suffered a disastrous defeat. Only 10% of their army survived and more than 48 of their knights ...