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In the division of 43 by 5, we have: 43 = 8 × 5 + 3, so 3 is the least positive remainder. We also have that: 43 = 9 × 5 − 2, and −2 is the least absolute remainder. These definitions are also valid if d is negative, for example, in the division of 43 by −5, 43 = (−8) × (−5) + 3, and 3 is the least positive remainder, while,
A divisibility rule is a shorthand and useful way of determining whether a given integer is divisible by a fixed divisor without performing the division, usually by examining its digits. Although there are divisibility tests for numbers in any radix , or base, and they are all different, this article presents rules and examples only for decimal ...
The last rule can be used to move modular arithmetic into division. If b divides a, then (a/b) mod m = (a mod b m) / b. The modular multiplicative inverse is defined by the following rules: Existence: There exists an integer denoted a −1 such that aa −1 ≡ 1 (mod m) if and only if a is coprime with m.
17 is divided into 3 groups of 5, with 2 as leftover. Here, the dividend is 17, the divisor is 3, the quotient is 5, and the remainder is 2 (which is strictly smaller than the divisor 3), or more symbolically, 17 = (3 × 5) + 2. In arithmetic, Euclidean division – or division with remainder – is the process of dividing one integer (the ...
The properties involving multiplication, division, and exponentiation generally require that a and n are integers. Identity: (a mod n) mod n = a mod n. nx mod n = 0 for all positive integer values of x. If p is a prime number which is not a divisor of b, then abp−1 mod p = a mod p, due to Fermat's little theorem.
Since the norm is a nonnegative integer and decreases with every step, the Euclidean algorithm for Gaussian integers ends in a finite number of steps. [143] The final nonzero remainder is gcd(α, β), the Gaussian integer of largest norm that divides both α and β; it is unique up to multiplication by a unit, ±1 or ±i. [144]
In number theory, the partition function p(n) represents the number of possible partitions of a non-negative integer n. For instance, p(4) = 5 because the integer 4 has the five partitions 1 + 1 + 1 + 1, 1 + 1 + 2, 1 + 3, 2 + 2, and 4. No closed-form expression for the partition function is known, but it has both asymptotic expansions that ...
Long division is the standard algorithm used for pen-and-paper division of multi-digit numbers expressed in decimal notation. It shifts gradually from the left to the right end of the dividend, subtracting the largest possible multiple of the divisor (at the digit level) at each stage; the multiples then become the digits of the quotient, and the final difference is then the remainder.