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Hypoprothrombinemia can be the result of a genetic defect, may be acquired as the result of another disease process, or may be an adverse effect of medication.For example, 5-10% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus exhibit acquired hypoprothrombinemia due to the presence of autoantibodies which bind to prothrombin and remove it from the bloodstream (lupus anticoagulant ...
Low levels of platelets in turn may lead to prolonged or excessive bleeding. It is the most common coagulation disorder among intensive care patients and is seen in a fifth of medical patients and a third of surgical patients.
EDTA-dependent agglutination. In some individuals, clinically insignificant antibodies may cause in vitro agglutination of platelets. As a result of platelet clumping, platelet counts reported by automated counters may be much lower than the actual count in the blood because these devices cannot differentiate platelet clumps from individual cells.
The reference range for prothrombin time depends on the analytical method used, but is usually around 12–13 seconds (results should always be interpreted using the reference range from the laboratory that performed the test), and the INR in absence of anticoagulation therapy is 0.8–1.2.
Prothrombinase assembly begins with the binding of factor Xa and factor Va to negatively charged phospholipids on plasma membranes. Activated factor Xa and factor Va bind to the plasma membranes of a variety of different cell types, including monocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells. [9]
As in non-pregnant individuals, ITP in pregnancy is a diagnosis of exclusion and other potential causes of low platelets in pregnancy require consideration. These include obstetrical causes such as pre-eclampsia, HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets), or thrombotic microangiopathies that may occur during pregnancy ...
Hypoproteinemia is a condition where there is an abnormally low level of protein in the blood. There are several causes that all result in edema once serum protein levels fall below a certain threshold.
Low hemoglobin indicates anemia but the individual will be normal for LID. [5] Normal serum iron is between 60 and 170 micrograms per dL (μg/dL). [7] Normal total iron-binding capacity for both sexes is 240 to 450 μg/dL. [6] Total iron-binding capacity increases when iron deficiency exists. [4]