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The residue can be ploughed directly into the ground, or burned first. In contrast, no-till, strip-till or reduced-till agriculture practices are carried out to maximize crop residue cover. Simple line-transect measurements can be used to estimate residue coverage. [1] Process residues are materials left after the crop is processed into a ...
Also called the residue yield or straw/grain ratio, the equation takes the mass of residue divided by the mass of crop produced, and the result is dimensionless. [1] The RPR can be used to project costs and benefits of bio-energy projects, and is crucial in determining financial sustainability. The RPR is particularly important for estimating ...
Crop residues consist mainly of stems, branches (in pruning), and leaves. [1] It is estimated that, on average, 80% of the plant of such crops consists of agricultural waste. [2] The four most commonly grown agricultural crops worldwide are sugarcane, maize, cereals and rice. [3]
Reduced tillage [note 1] leaves between 15 and 30% crop residue cover on the soil or 500 to 1000 pounds per acre (560 to 1100 kg/ha) of small grain residue during the critical erosion period. This may involve the use of a chisel plow, field cultivators, or other implements.
Different types of tillage result in varying amounts of crop residue being incorporated into the soil profile. Conventional or intensive tillage typically leaves less than 15% of crop residues on a field, reduced tillage leaves 15–30%, and conservation tillage systems leave at least 30% on the soil surface. [10]
Cover crops then need to be killed so that the newly planted crops can get enough light, water, nutrients, etc. [37] [38] This can be done by rollers, crimpers, choppers and other ways. [39] [40] The residue is then planted through, and left as a mulch. Cover crops typically must be crimped when they enter the flowering stage. [41]
Many crops are of interest for their ability to provide high yields of biomass. Some can be harvested multiple times each year. These include poplar trees and Miscanthus giganteus. The premier energy crop is sugarcane, which is a source of the readily fermentable sucrose and the lignocellulosic by-product bagasse.
Pesticide residue refers to the pesticides that may remain on or in food, after they are applied to food crops. [1] The maximum allowable levels of these residues in foods are stipulated by regulatory bodies in many countries. Regulations such as pre-harvest intervals also prevent harvest of crop or livestock products if recently treated in ...