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Hydration is an important process in many other applications; one example is the production of Portland cement by the crosslinking of calcium oxides and silicates that is induced by water. Hydration is the process by which desiccants function. CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O is bright blue and has a rather different structure from its colourless anhydrous ...
For example, DNA ligase can join two complementary fragments of nucleic acid by forming phosphodiester bonds, and repair single stranded breaks that arise in double stranded DNA during replication. In general, a ligase catalyzes the following dehydration reaction, thus joining molecules A and B: A-OH + B-H → A–B + H 2 O
The classic example of a dehydration reaction is the Fischer esterification, which involves treating a carboxylic acid with an alcohol to give an ester RCO 2 H + R′OH ⇌ RCO 2 R′ + H 2 O. Often such reactions require the presence of a dehydrating agent, i.e. a substance that reacts with water.
Dephosphorylation involves removal of the phosphate group through a hydration reaction by addition of a molecule of water and release of the original phosphate group, regenerating the hydroxyl. Both processes are reversible and either mechanism can be used to activate or deactivate a protein.
These hydration and dehydration conversions of CO 2 and H 2 CO 3, which are normally very slow, are facilitated by carbonic anhydrase in both the blood and duodenum. [7] While in the blood, bicarbonate ion serves to neutralize acid introduced to the blood through other metabolic processes (e.g. lactic acid , ketone bodies ); likewise, any bases ...
For example: ethanol, CH 3 −CH 2 −OH, is the product of the hydration reaction of ethene, CH 2 =CH 2, formed by the addition of H to one C and OH to the other C, and so can be considered as the hydrate of ethene. A molecule of water may be eliminated, for example, by the action of sulfuric acid.
The reaction is considered Markovnikov as it results in water addition with same regiospecificity as a direct hydration reaction. Alkene hydroboration-oxidation: Stereospecific: Can only be syn addition – hydrogen and hydroxyl (-OH) are added to the same face. The reaction is anti-Markovnikov. Hydroxyl attaches to the less substituted carbon.
The reaction may otherwise involve the functional groups of the molecule, and is a versatile class of reactions that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of a catalyst. This class of reactions is a vital part of life as it is essential to the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids and to the biosynthesis of fatty ...