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A power MOSFET is a specific type of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) designed to handle significant power levels. Compared to the other power semiconductor devices , such as an insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) or a thyristor , its main advantages are high switching speed and good efficiency at low voltages.
Power MOSFETs with lateral structure are mainly used in high-end audio amplifiers and high-power PA systems. Their advantage is a better behaviour in the saturated region (corresponding to the linear region of a bipolar transistor) than the vertical MOSFETs. Vertical MOSFETs are designed for switching applications. [73]
The MOSFET is also capable of handling higher power than the JFET. [35] The MOSFET was the first truly compact transistor that could be miniaturised and mass-produced for a wide range of uses. [6] The MOSFET thus became the most common type of transistor in computers, electronics, [36] and communications technology (such as smartphones). [37]
CMOS inverter (a NOT logic gate). Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS, pronounced "sea-moss ", / s iː m ɑː s /, /-ɒ s /) is a type of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) fabrication process that uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type and n-type MOSFETs for logic functions. [1]
Enhancement-mode MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor FETs) are the common switching elements in most integrated circuits. These devices are off at zero gate–source voltage. NMOS can be turned on by pulling the gate voltage higher than the source voltage, PMOS can be turned on by pulling the gate voltage lower than the source voltage.
Figure 3 shows a MOSFET common-source amplifier with an active load. Figure 4 shows the corresponding small-signal circuit when a load resistor R L is added at the output node and a Thévenin driver of applied voltage V A and series resistance R A is added at the input node.
A nanowire MOSFET's current–voltage characteristic (left, using logarithmic y-axis) and a simulation of the electron density (right) forming a conductive inversion channel which connects at the ~0.45 V threshold voltage.
Like other MOSFETs, PMOS transistors have four modes of operation: cut-off (or subthreshold), triode, saturation (sometimes called active), and velocity saturation. While PMOS logic is easy to design and manufacture (a MOSFET can be made to operate as a resistor, so the whole circuit can be made with PMOS FETs), it has several shortcomings as well.