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The T helper cells (T h cells), also known as CD4 + cells or CD4-positive cells, are a type of T cell that play an important role in the adaptive immune system. They aid the activity of other immune cells by releasing cytokines .
Unlike CD8 + killer T cells, the CD4 + helper T (T H) cells function by further activating memory B cells and cytotoxic T cells, which leads to a larger immune response. The specific adaptive immune response regulated by the T H cell depends on its subtype (such as T-helper1, T-helper2, T-helper17, regulatory T-cell), [ 4 ] which is ...
CD4 is found on the surface of immune cells such as helper T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. It was discovered in the late 1970s and was originally known as leu-3 and T4 (after the OKT4 monoclonal antibody that reacted with it) before being named CD4 in 1984. [ 5 ]
Antigen-specific memory T cells specific to viruses or other microbial molecules can be found in both central memory T cells (T CM) and effector memory T cells (T EM) subsets. . Although most information is currently based on observations in the cytotoxic T cells (CD8-positive) subset, similar populations appear to exist for both the helper T cells (CD4-positive) and the cytotoxic T ce
Type 1 immunity consists of these cells: [5] CD4+ T H 1 cells; CD8 + cytotoxic T cells (T c 1) T-Bet + interferon gamma producing group 1 ILCs(ILC1 and Natural killer cells) CD4 + T H 1 Cells. It has been found in both mice and humans that the signature cytokines for these cells are interferon gamma and lymphotoxin alpha.
As defined by CD4 and CD25 expression, regulatory T cells comprise about 5–10% of the mature CD4 + T cell subpopulation in mice and humans, while about 1–2% of T reg can be measured in whole blood. The additional measurement of cellular expression of FOXP3 protein allowed a more specific analysis of T reg cells (CD4 + CD25 + FOXP3 + cells).
T RM cells are transcriptionally, phenotypically and functionally distinct from central memory (T CM) and effector memory (T EM) T cells which recirculate between blood, the T cell zones of secondary lymphoid organ, lymph and nonlymphoid tissues.
Follicular helper T cells (also known as T follicular helper cells and abbreviated as T FH), are antigen-experienced CD4 + T cells found in the periphery within B cell follicles of secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleen and Peyer's patches, and are identified by their constitutive expression of the B cell follicle homing receptor CXCR5. [1]
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