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Circular definition is a type of self-reference in which the definition of a term or concept includes the term or concept itself, either explicitly or implicitly. Circular definitions are considered fallacious because they only define a term in terms of itself. [ 11 ]
The self-reference effect is a tendency for people to encode information differently depending on whether they are implicated in the information. When people are ...
The fact that self-reference was shown to be a stronger memory encoding method than semantic tasks is what led to more significant interest in the field [4] One early and significant experiment aimed to place self-reference on Craik and Lockhart's depth of processing hierarchy, and suggested that self-reference was a more beneficial encoding ...
Involvement Recognition: “a perceived connection between the self and the problem situation.” [1] This variable has the same concept of the level of involvement in the situational theory of publics. Referent Criterion: “any knowledge or subjective judgmental system that influences the way in which one approaches problem solving.” [1]
The big-fish–little-pond effect (BFLPE) is a frame of reference model introduced by Herbert W. Marsh and John W. Parker in 1984. According to the model, individuals compare their own self-concept with their peers and equally capable individuals have higher self-concepts when in a less capable group than in a more capable group.
A self-reference in an article usually mentions Wikipedia directly or tells readers to take an action on Wikipedia, such as editing the article. Although self-references within Wikipedia articles to the Wikipedia project should usually be avoided, there are exceptions.
One place where this might be implemented is in reference to tests used with K-12 students in the United States, where value-added modeling of teacher performance is currently popular. [citation needed] Ipsative assessment can be contrasted with criterion-referenced assessment and norm-referenced assessment. Ipsative assessment is used in ...
Reference dependence is a central principle in prospect theory and behavioral economics generally. It holds that people evaluate outcomes and express preferences relative to an existing reference point, or status quo. It is related to loss aversion and the endowment effect. [1] [2]