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  2. Napier's bones - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier's_bones

    Using the multiplication tables embedded in the rods, multiplication can be reduced to addition operations and division to subtractions. Advanced use of the rods can extract square roots . Napier's bones are not the same as logarithms , with which Napier's name is also associated, but are based on dissected multiplication tables.

  3. Mental calculation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_calculation

    2 3 = 8 down 3; 3 3 = 27 down 1; 4 3 = 64 down 3; 5 3 = 125 up 1; 6 3 = 216 up 1; 7 3 = 343 down 3; 8 3 = 512 down 1; 9 3 = 729 down 3; 10 3 = 1000 up 1; There are two steps to extracting the cube root from the cube of a two-digit number. For example, extracting the cube root of 29791. Determine the one's place (units) of the two-digit number.

  4. Slide rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_rule

    A slide rule is a hand-operated mechanical calculator consisting of slidable rulers for evaluating mathematical operations such as multiplication, division, exponents, roots, logarithms, and trigonometry. It is one of the simplest analog computers. [1] [2]

  5. Arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic

    The main arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Arithmetic is an elementary branch of mathematics that studies numerical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. In a wider sense, it also includes exponentiation, extraction of roots, and taking logarithms.

  6. Rationalisation (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalisation_(mathematics)

    In elementary algebra, root rationalisation (or rationalization) is a process by which radicals in the denominator of an algebraic fraction are eliminated.. If the denominator is a monomial in some radical, say , with k < n, rationalisation consists of multiplying the numerator and the denominator by , and replacing by x (this is allowed, as, by definition, a n th root of x is a number that ...

  7. Order of operations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_operations

    For example, multiplication is granted a higher precedence than addition, and it has been this way since the introduction of modern algebraic notation. [2] [3] Thus, in the expression 1 + 2 × 3, the multiplication is performed before addition, and the expression has the value 1 + (2 × 3) = 7, and not (1 + 2) × 3 = 9.

  8. Stepped reckoner - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepped_reckoner

    divide a 16-digit number by an 8-digit divisor. Addition or subtraction is performed in a single step, with a turn of the crank. Multiplication and division are performed digit by digit on the multiplier or divisor digits, in a procedure equivalent to the familiar long multiplication and long division procedures taught in

  9. Division (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(mathematics)

    In abstract algebra, given a magma with binary operation ∗ (which could nominally be termed multiplication), left division of b by a (written a \ b) is typically defined as the solution x to the equation a ∗ x = b, if this exists and is unique. Similarly, right division of b by a (written b / a) is the solution y to the equation y ∗ a = b ...