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  2. Division by zero - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_by_zero

    For example, using single-precision IEEE arithmetic, if x = −2 −149, then x/2 underflows to −0, and dividing 1 by this result produces 1/(x/2) = −∞. The exact result −2 150 is too large to represent as a single-precision number, so an infinity of the same sign is used instead to indicate overflow.

  3. Repeating decimal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating_decimal

    The next step in the division will yield the same new digit in the quotient, and the same new remainder, as the previous time the remainder was the same. Therefore, the following division will repeat the same results. The repeating sequence of digits is called "repetend" which has a certain length greater than 0, also called "period". [5]

  4. Significant figures - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significant_figures

    In this example, the last digit (8, contributing 0.8 mm) is likewise considered significant despite its uncertainty. [1] Therefore, this measurement contains four significant figures. Another example involves a volume measurement of 2.98 L with an uncertainty of ± 0.05 L. The actual volume falls between 2.93 L and 3.03 L.

  5. Metric prefix - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix

    For example, 5 km is treated as 5000 m, which allows all quantities based on the same unit to be factored together even if they have different prefixes. A prefix symbol attached to a unit symbol is included when the unit is raised to a power. For example, 1 km 2 denotes 1 km × 1 km = 10 6 m 2, not 10 3 m 2.

  6. p-value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-value

    For example, when testing the null hypothesis that a distribution is normal with a mean less than or equal to zero against the alternative that the mean is greater than zero (:, variance known), the null hypothesis does not specify the exact probability distribution of the appropriate test statistic.

  7. Odds ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odds_ratio

    An odds ratio greater than 1 indicates that the condition or event is more likely to occur in the first group. And an odds ratio less than 1 indicates that the condition or event is less likely to occur in the first group. The odds ratio must be nonnegative if it is defined. It is undefined if p 2 q 1 equals zero, i.e., if p 2 equals zero or q ...

  8. Hazard ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_ratio

    For example, a hazard ratio of 2 is thought to mean that a group has twice the chance of dying than a comparison group. In the Cox-model, this can be shown to translate to the following relationship between group survival functions : S 1 ( t ) = S 0 ( t ) r {\displaystyle S_{1}(t)=S_{0}(t)^{r}} (where r is the hazard ratio). [ 4 ]

  9. Equivalent concentration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_concentration

    For example, sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4) is a diprotic acid. Since only 0.5 mol of H 2 SO 4 are needed to neutralize 1 mol of OH −, the equivalence factor is: f eq (H 2 SO 4) = 0.5. If the concentration of a sulfuric acid solution is c(H 2 SO 4) = 1 mol/L, then its normality is 2 N. It can also be called a "2 normal" solution.