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Spina bifida (SB; /ˌspaɪnə ˈbɪfɪdə/, [9] Latin for 'split spine') [10] is a birth defect in which there is incomplete closing of the spine and the membranes around the spinal cord during early development in pregnancy. [1] There are three main types: spina bifida occulta, meningocele and myelomeningocele. [1]
Spina bifida occulta means hidden split spine. [20] In this type of neural tube defect, the meninges do not herniate through the opening in the spinal canal. [19] The most frequently seen form of spina bifida occulta is when parts of the bones of the spine, called the spinous process, and the neural arch appear abnormal on a radiogram, without ...
Transitional vertebrae have the characteristics of two types of vertebra. The condition usually involves the vertebral arch or transverse processes. It occurs at the cervicothoracic, thoracolumbar, or lumbosacral junction. For instance, the transverse process of the last cervical vertebra may resemble a rib.
It appears that all members of the Grhl gene family are involved in epidermal barrier integrity, including its formation and repair, [5] [6] and are tightly regulated to prevent physical defects. The Grhl family of genes are found in a range of organisms, from humans to fish and fungi, [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 2 ] and all have similar roles to each other ...
Spina bifida is the most common defect impacting the Central Nervous System (CNS). The most common and most severe form of Spina Bifida is Myelomeningocele. Individuals with Myelomeningocele are born with an incompletely fused spine, and therefore exposing the spinal cord through an opening in the back.
For example, a lack of folic acid, a B vitamin, in the diet of a mother can cause cellular neural tube deformities that result in spina bifida. Congenital disorders such as a neural tube deformity can be prevented by 72% if the mother consumes 4 mg of folic acid before the conception and after twelve weeks of pregnancy. [ 70 ]
Wheelchair sport classification includes a number of disabilities that cause problems with the spinal cord. These include paraplegia, quadriplegia, muscular dystrophy, post-polio syndrome and spina bifida. [6] [footnotes 1] Minimal qualification for wheelchair sport is minimal body function impairment. In practice, ISMWSF has defined this as 70 ...
Other features include high and broad nasal root and also nasi hypoplasia. A squared jaw is reported in some patients. Others present with spina bifida due to the mutation in the neural crest during early development. Other features include the white forelock and graying that occurs in most patients prior to reaching age thirty.