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A tokamak (/ ˈ t oʊ k ə m æ k /; Russian: токамáк) is a device which uses a powerful magnetic field generated by external magnets to confine plasma in the shape of an axially symmetrical torus. [1] The tokamak is one of several types of magnetic confinement devices being developed to produce controlled thermonuclear fusion power.
Tokamak Energy is a fusion power company based near Oxford in the United Kingdom, [1] established in 2009. [2] The company is pursuing the global deployment of commercial fusion energy in the 2030s through the combined development of spherical tokamaks with high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets. It is also developing HTS magnet ...
Exhaust/Refuel: After expansion, the partially burned fuel is flushed out, and new fuel in the form of gas is introduced and ionized; and the cycle starts again. In 1973, a team from Los Alamos and Argonne laboratories stated that the thermodynamic efficiency of the magnetic direct conversion cycle from alpha-particle energy to work is 62%. [17]
In addition to the fuel loss problems, it was also calculated that a power-producing machine based on this system would be enormous, the better part of a thousand feet (300 meters) long. When the tokamak was introduced in 1968, interest in the stellarator vanished, and the latest design at Princeton University , the Model C, was eventually ...
As of 2023 the device is known as JT-60SA and is the largest operational superconducting tokamak in the world, [1] built and operated jointly by the European Union and Japan in Naka, Ibaraki Prefecture. [2] [3] SA stands for super advanced tokamak, including a D-shaped plasma cross-section, superconducting coils, and active feedback control.
This was one of the major problems with the basic tokamak design compared to earlier systems like Z-pinch that also strongly heated their plasmas. To address this, TFR had planned almost from the start [12] to incorporate neutral beam injection, or NBI, which uses a small particle accelerator to fire individual atoms of fuel into the reaction ...
SPARC is a tokamak under development by Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS) in collaboration with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC). [1] Funding has come from Eni , [ 2 ] Breakthrough Energy Ventures , Khosla Ventures , Temasek , Equinor , Devonshire Investors, and others.
Another issue was how to heat the plasma; the tokamak lacked any significant self-heating so some form of external heating would be needed. [15] Finally, some system would be needed to extract impurities from the plasma, both from the initial non-pure fuel as well as removing "fusion ash", the results of successful reactions (typically helium ...