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When the carbon equivalent is between 0.40 and 0.60 weld preheat may be necessary. When the carbon equivalent is above 0.60, preheat is necessary, postheat may be necessary. The following carbon equivalent formula is used to determine if a spot weld will fail in high-strength low-alloy steel due to excessive hardenability: [2]
The weldability, also known as joinability, [1] of a material refers to its ability to be welded. Many metals and thermoplastics can be welded, but some are easier to weld than others (see Rheological weldability). A material's weldability is used to determine the welding process and to compare the final weld quality to other materials.
The hardenability of ferrous alloys, i.e. steels, is a function of the carbon content and other alloying elements and the grain size of the austenite. [1] The relative importance of the various alloying elements is calculated by finding the equivalent carbon content of the material.
It can be said that the lower the viscosity during welding process (at welding temperature and pressure), the better the weldability. Recalling that viscosity ( η ) decreases with increasing temperature ( T ) and shear rate ( γ ˙ {\displaystyle {\dot {\gamma }}} ) for most polymer melts, weldability is better where temperature and shear rate ...
Gas metal arc welding (GMAW), or metal inert gas (MIG) welding, is a process that uses a continuous wire feed as a consumable electrode and an inert or semi-inert gas mixture to protect the weld from contamination. [1] Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), or tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, is a manual welding process that uses a nonconsumable ...
BS 499-1: Welding terms and symbols. Glossary for welding, brazing and thermal cutting BS 499-2C: Welding terms and symbols. European arc welding symbols in chart form BS 2633: Specification for Class I arc welding of ferritic steel pipework for carrying fluids BS 2971: Specification for class II arc welding of carbon steel pipework for ...
In physics, there are equations in every field to relate physical quantities to each other and perform calculations. Entire handbooks of equations can only summarize most of the full subject, else are highly specialized within a certain field. Physics is derived of formulae only.
Typically, after welding, the properties near the weld are those of 6061-T4, a loss of strength of around 40%. The material can be re-heat-treated to restore near -T6 temper for the whole piece. After welding, the material can naturally age and restore some of its strength as well. Most strength is recovered in the first few days to a few weeks.