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Diffuse nebulae can be divided into emission nebulae, reflection nebulae and dark nebulae. Visible light nebulae may be divided into emission nebulae, which emit spectral line radiation from excited or ionized gas (mostly ionized hydrogen ); [ 25 ] they are often called H II regions , H II referring to ionized hydrogen), and reflection nebulae ...
The cores range in mass from a fraction to several times that of the Sun and are called protostellar (protosolar) nebulae. [2] They possess diameters of 0.01–0.1 pc (2,000–20,000 AU) and a particle number density of roughly 10,000 to 100,000 cm −3. [a] [35] [37] The initial collapse of a solar-mass protostellar nebula takes around 100,000 ...
Representative lifetimes of stars as a function of their masses The change in size with time of a Sun-like star Artist's depiction of the life cycle of a Sun-like star, starting as a main-sequence star at lower left then expanding through the subgiant and giant phases, until its outer envelope is expelled to form a planetary nebula at upper right Chart of stellar evolution
Planetary nebulae, represented here by the Ring Nebula, are examples of emission nebulae. An emission nebula is a nebula formed of ionized gases that emit light of various wavelengths. The most common source of ionization is high-energy ultraviolet photons emitted from a nearby hot star .
For one reason, the planetary nebula phase for more massive stars is on the order of millennia, which is a blink of the eye in astronomic terms. Also, partly because of their small total mass, open clusters have relatively poor gravitational cohesion and tend to disperse after a relatively short time, typically from 100 to 600 million years. [64]
Nebulae become visible if the gas glows, or if the cloud reflects starlight or obscures light from more distant objects. The catalogues that it may refer to: Catalogue des nébuleuses et des amas d'étoiles (Messier "M" catalogue) first published 1771; Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (William Herschel 'CN'/"H" catalogue) first ...
Evaporating gas globules were first conclusively identified via photographs of the Pillars of Creation in the Eagle Nebula taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1995. [2] [3] EGG's are the likely predecessors of new protostars. Inside an EGG the gas and dust are denser than in the surrounding dust cloud.
It uses mathematics, physics, and chemistry in order to explain their origin and their overall evolution. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, nebulae, galaxies, meteoroids, asteroids, and comets. Relevant phenomena include supernova explosions, gamma ray bursts, quasars, blazars, pulsars, and cosmic microwave background radiation.