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The unidirectional flow of energy and the successive loss of energy as it travels up the food web are patterns in energy flow that are governed by thermodynamics, which is the theory of energy exchange between systems. [4] [5] Trophic dynamics relates to thermodynamics because it deals with the transfer and transformation of energy (originating ...
This layer extends from the top of the troposphere at roughly 12 km (7.5 mi; 39,000 ft) above Earth's surface to the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 to 55 km (31 to 34 mi; 164,000 to 180,000 ft). The atmospheric pressure at the top of the stratosphere is roughly 1/1000 the pressure at sea level.
A volcanic eruption is the release of stored energy from below Earth's surface. [5 ... the five layers which make up Earth's ... of a single self-contained system. It ...
Physical components of a generic energy system supplying fuels and electricity (but not district heat) to end-users. An energy system is a system primarily designed to supply energy-services to end-users. [1]: 941 The intent behind energy systems is to minimise energy losses to a negligible level, as well as to ensure the efficient use of ...
The five components of the climate system all interact. They are the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the lithosphere and the biosphere. [1]: 1451 Earth's climate system is a complex system with five interacting components: the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), the cryosphere (ice and permafrost), the lithosphere (earth's upper rocky layer) and the biosphere (living things).
The thermopause is the atmospheric boundary of Earth's energy system, located at the top of the thermosphere. [1] The temperature of the thermopause could range from nearly absolute zero to 987.547 °C (1,810 °F).
The total energy of a system can be calculated by adding up all forms of energy in the system. Richard Feynman said during a 1961 lecture: [15] There is a fact, or if you wish, a law, governing all natural phenomena that are known to date. There is no known exception to this law – it is exact so far as we know.
Atmospheric convection is the result of a parcel-environment instability (temperature difference layer) in the atmosphere. [ jargon ] Different lapse rates within dry and moist air masses lead to instability.