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An enhancer localized in a DNA region distant from the promoter of a gene can have a very large effect on gene expression, with some genes undergoing up to 100-fold increased expression due to an activated enhancer. [32] Enhancers are regions of the genome that are major gene-regulatory elements.
In a study of brain cortical neurons, 24,937 loops were found, bringing enhancers to promoters. [26] Multiple enhancers, each often at tens or hundred of thousands of nucleotides distant from their target genes, loop to their target gene promoters and coordinate with each other to control expression of their common target gene. [29]
An active enhancer regulatory sequence of DNA is enabled to interact with the promoter DNA regulatory sequence of its target gene by formation of a chromosome loop. This can initiate messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) bound to the promoter at the transcription start site of the gene. The loop is stabilized by one ...
In eukaryotes, the 5′ flanking region has a complex set of regulatory elements such as enhancers, silencers, and promoters. The primary promoter element in eukaryotes is the TATA box. Other promoter elements found in eukaryotic 5′ flanking regions include initiator elements, downstream core promoter element, CAAT box, and the GC box. [1]
Activator-binding sites may be located very close to the promoter or numerous base pairs away. [2] [3] If the regulatory sequence is located far away, the DNA will loop over itself (DNA looping) in order for the bound activator to interact with the transcription machinery at the promoter site. [2] [3]
Further research at the late stage of thymocyte development reveals that distal Lck promoter with driven Cre will result in the distal lck gene promoter to drive Cre expression to be limited within innate-like T cells. There is a cell type specific function in innate-like T cells based on the distal lck promoter - driven Cre. [3]
Promoter activity of the P-RM and P-R promoters vs RNA polymerase concentration in the enterobacteriophage lambda [1]. Promoter activity is a term that encompasses several meanings around the process of gene expression from regulatory sequences —promoters [2] and enhancers. [3]
The proximal promoter region binds transcription factors that modify the affinity of the core promoter for RNA polymerase. [9] [10] Genes may be regulated by multiple enhancer and silencer sequences that further modify the activity of promoters by binding activator or repressor proteins.