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A parathyroid adenoma is a benign tumor of the parathyroid gland. It generally causes hyperparathyroidism; there are very few reports of parathyroid adenomas that were not associated with hyperparathyroidism. [1] A human being usually has four parathyroid glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid in the neck.
Nuclear medicine imaging methods are used by surgeons to locate which parathyroid gland is responsible for hyperparathyroidism or to find ectopic parathyroid adenomas, most commonly found in the anterior mediastinum. [citation needed] Historically, technetium sestamibi scintigraphy was the main method used or this indication. [39]
Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare cancer resulting in parathyroid adenoma to carcinoma progression. [1] It forms in tissues of one or more of the parathyroid glands (four pea-sized glands in the neck that make parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH helps the body maintain normal levels of serum calcium by promoting calcium reabsorption from bone.
Other risk factors of tertiary hyperparathyroidism include an elevated risk of developing acute pancreatitis, mainly due to the hypercalcemia associated with the hyperparathyroidism. [19] Other studies have shown a significant increase in the risk of developing malignancies of the urinary tract and renal system with women being more at risk. [ 20 ]
The most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism is a sporadic, single parathyroid adenoma [5] resulting from a clonal mutation (~97%). Less common are parathyroid hyperplasia [6] (~2.5%), parathyroid carcinoma (malignant tumor), and adenomas in more than one gland (together ~0.5%).Primary hyperparathyroidism is also a feature of several familial endocrine disorders: Multiple endocrine ...
A biopsy is recommended to be sure that the transplanted tissue is parathyroid and not a lymph node with metastatic disease. During parathyroid surgery if there is an adenoma the transplantation is not recommended; instead it is cryopreserved for research an if there is a recurrent hypoparathyroidism. [2] [5]
These disorders greatly increase the risk of developing multiple cancerous and noncancerous tumors in glands such as the parathyroid, pituitary, and pancreas. Multiple endocrine neoplasia occurs when tumors are found in at least two of the three main endocrine glands (parathyroid, pituitary, and pancreatico-duodenum). Tumors can also develop in ...
Chief cells in parathyroid adenomas also display acid phosphatase activity. [5] It is a benign tumor of the gland that requires surgical removal. [13] These benign adenomas are typically affect only one or two of the parathyroid glands, known respectively as a single adenoma or double adenoma. Typically, no disease is linked to the cause. [14]