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A beam splitter or beamsplitter is an optical device that splits a beam of light into a transmitted and a reflected beam. It is a crucial part of many optical experimental and measurement systems, such as interferometers , also finding widespread application in fibre optic telecommunications .
Beam-splitting polarizers split the incident beam into two beams of differing linear polarization. For an ideal polarizing beamsplitter these would be fully polarized, with orthogonal polarizations. For many common beam-splitting polarizers, however, only one of the two output beams is fully polarized.
The Jones matrices are operators that act on the Jones vectors defined above. These matrices are implemented by various optical elements such as lenses, beam splitters, mirrors, etc. Each matrix represents projection onto a one-dimensional complex subspace of the Jones vectors. The following table gives examples of Jones matrices for polarizers:
The principle of using a polarizing Michelson Interferometer as a narrow band filter was first described by Evans [25] who developed a birefringent photometer where the incoming light is split into two orthogonally polarized components by a polarizing beam splitter, sandwiched between two halves of a Michelson cube.
The latter reduces unwanted Fresnel reflection of the rejected beam. A variant of the design exists called a Glan–laser prism . This is a Glan–Taylor prism with a steeper angle for the cut in the prism, which decreases reflection loss at the expense of reduced angular field of view. [ 1 ]
The prism can therefore be used as a polarizing beam splitter. Traditionally Canada balsam was used as the cement in assembling these prisms, but this has largely been replaced by synthetic polymers. [1]
The cube can also eliminate etalon effects, back-side reflection and slight beam deflection. dichroic color filters form a dichroic prism; Polarizing cube beamsplitters have lower extinction ratio than birefringent ones, but less expensive; Partially-metallized mirrors provide non-polarizing beamsplitters
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