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The auditory cortex is the most highly organized processing unit of sound in the brain. This cortex area is the neural crux of hearing, and—in humans—language and music. The auditory cortex is divided into three separate parts: the primary, secondary, and tertiary auditory cortex.
The three small bones that are responsible for this complex process are the malleus, the incus, and the stapes, collectively known as the ear ossicles. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The impedance matching is done through via lever ratios and the ratio of areas of the tympanic membrane and the footplate of the stapes, creating a transformer -like mechanism. [ 4 ]
The auditosensory cortex is the part of the auditory system that is associated with the sense of hearing in humans. It occupies the bilateral primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe of the mammalian brain. [1] The term is used to describe Brodmann areas 41 and 42 together with the transverse temporal gyrus. [2]
In the last two decades, significant advances occurred in our understanding of the neural processing of sounds in primates. Initially by recording of neural activity in the auditory cortices of monkeys [18] [19] and later elaborated via histological staining [20] [21] [22] and fMRI scanning studies, [23] 3 auditory fields were identified in the primary auditory cortex, and 9 associative ...
Inner hair cells are the mechanoreceptors for hearing: they transduce the vibration of sound into electrical activity in nerve fibers, which is transmitted to the brain. Outer hair cells are a motor structure. Sound energy causes changes in the shape of these cells, which serves to amplify sound vibrations in a frequency specific manner.
Calyx of Held microstructure. The calyx of Held is a particularly large excitatory synapse in the mammalian auditory nervous system, so named after Hans Held who first described it in his 1893 article Die centrale Gehörleitung [1] [2] because of its resemblance to the calyx of a flower. [3]
Scrolling on social media is also a way to "disassociate" and give the brain a rest after a long day, Bobinet said. This is an "avoidance behavior," which the habenula controls.
The acoustic reflex (also known as the stapedius reflex, [1] stapedial reflex, [2] auditory reflex, [3] middle-ear-muscle reflex (MEM reflex, MEMR), [4] attenuation reflex, [5] cochleostapedial reflex [6] or intra-aural reflex [6]) is an involuntary muscle contraction that occurs in the middle ear in response to loud sound stimuli or when the person starts to vocalize.