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In cryptography, the simple XOR cipher is a type of additive cipher, [1] an encryption algorithm that operates according to the principles: A ⊕ {\displaystyle \oplus } 0 = A, A ⊕ {\displaystyle \oplus } A = 0,
The round constant rcon i for round i of the key expansion is the 32-bit word: [note 2] = [] where rc i is an eight-bit value defined as : = {= > < > where is the bitwise XOR operator and constants such as 00 16 and 11B 16 are given in hexadecimal.
where b represents the multiplicative inverse, is the bitwise XOR operator, is a left bitwise circular shift, and the constant 63 16 = 01100011 2 is given in hexadecimal. An equivalent formulation of the affine transformation is
To xor two polynomials is to add them, modulo two; that is, to exclusive OR the coefficients of each matching term from both polynomials. function crc ...
The xor–encrypt–xor (XEX) is a (tweakable) mode of operation of a block cipher. In tweaked-codebook mode with ciphertext stealing , it is one of the more popular modes of operation for whole-disk encryption. XEX is also a common form of key whitening, and part of some smart card proposals. [1] [2]
On July 22, 1919, U.S. Patent 1,310,719 was issued to Gilbert Vernam for the XOR operation used for the encryption of a one-time pad. [7] Derived from his Vernam cipher, the system was a cipher that combined a message with a key read from a punched tape. In its original form, Vernam's system was vulnerable because the key tape was a loop, which ...
The simplest checksum algorithm is the so-called longitudinal parity check, which breaks the data into "words" with a fixed number n of bits, and then computes the bitwise exclusive or (XOR) of all those words. The result is appended to the message as an extra word.
XOR can be used to swap two numeric variables in computers, using the XOR swap algorithm; however this is regarded as more of a curiosity and not encouraged in practice. XOR linked lists leverage XOR properties in order to save space to represent doubly linked list data structures.