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Pregnancy-related anxiety is a distinct anxiety contextualized by pregnancy specific fears, worries, and concerns. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Pregnancy-related anxiety is characterized by increased concerns or excessive fears and worries about their unborn baby, childbirth , body image , and impending motherhood.
Antenatal depression, also known as prenatal or perinatal depression, is a form of clinical depression that can affect a woman during pregnancy, and can be a precursor to postpartum depression if not properly treated. [1] [2] It is estimated that 7% to 20% of pregnant women are affected by this condition. [3]
Tokophobia is a significant fear of childbirth. [1] It is a common reason why some women request an elective cesarean section. [3] Factors often include a fear of pain, death, unexpected problems, injury to the baby, sexual problems and a lack of self-belief of the capacity to birth a child. [4]
Estradiol levels increase during pregnancy, then drastically decrease following childbirth. When estradiol levels drop postpartum, the levels of serotonin decline as well. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that helps regulate mood. Low serotonin levels cause feelings of depression and anxiety.
Hemorrhoids are common in pregnancy as a result of constipation and increased intra-abdominal pressure. Hemorrhoids can cause bleeding, pain, and itching. [31] Treatment is symptomatic, including improving underlying constipation. Symptoms may resolve spontaneously after pregnancy, although hemorrhoids may remain in the days after childbirth. [32]
Earlier this month on the anniversary of Maggie’s death, authorities once again asked anyone with information to come forward. “It’s a very disturbing sort of thing to be living in a place ...
In the event of a further pregnancy, the recurrence rate is high – in the largest series, about three quarters had a recurrence, but not always in the early puerperium; the recurrence could occur during pregnancy, or later in the postpartum period.
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