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Rhinorrhea (American English), also spelled rhinorrhoea or rhinorrhœa (British English), or informally runny nose is the free discharge of a thin mucus fluid from the nose; [1] it is a common condition. It is a common symptom of allergies or certain viral infections, such as the common cold or COVID-19.
This appears as a clear, colourless liquid. [ 1 ] Aldroubi sign "The liquid in CSF rhinorrhea is thin and clear, and an affected person might notice a sweet or salty taste due to the increased glucose and electrolytes present in cerebrospinal fluid so some affected toddlers and young children tend to lick their nose frequently".
A basilar skull fracture as a cause can give the sign of CSF leakage from the ear, nose or mouth. [4] A lumbar puncture can give the symptom of a post-dural-puncture headache . A cerebrospinal fluid leak can be either cranial or spinal, and these are two different disorders. [ 5 ]
Gustatory rhinitis and vasomotor rhinitis have similar symptoms of clear watery nasal discharge without congestion, sneezing, or itching, but they have different triggers, says Dr. Gudis.
Diagnosing bullous myringitis involves using an otoscope to spot distinctive white sack-like structures on the eardrum.Ear pain is the primary complaint. However, differentiating it from acute otitis media can be difficult, leading to early misdiagnosis.The rarity of bullous myringitis, especially compared to acute otitis media, can result in common misdiagnoses.
Prolonged inflammation leads to middle ear swelling, ulceration, perforation, and attempts at repair with granulation tissue and polyps. This can worsen discharge and inflammation, potentially developing into CSOM, often associated with cholesteatoma. Symptoms may include ear discharge or pus seen only on examination. Hearing loss is common.
Main symptoms of swimmer’s ear are a feeling of fullness in the ear, itchiness, redness, and swelling in or around the ear canal, muffled hearing, pain in the external ear and ear canal and especially a smelly discharge from the ear. [9] Constriction of the ear canal from bone growth (Surfer's ear) can trap debris leading to infection. [10]
Perilymph and endolymph have unique ionic compositions suited to their functions in regulating electrochemical impulses of hair cells necessary for hearing. The electric potential of endolymph is ~80-90 mV more positive than perilymph due to a higher concentration of potassium cations (K +) in endolymph and higher sodium (Na +) in perilymph. [4]
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