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Real-valued functions encountered in applications tend to be measurable; however, it is not difficult to prove the existence of non-measurable functions. Such proofs rely on the axiom of choice in an essential way, in the sense that Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory without the axiom of choice does not prove the existence of such functions.
The simplest example of a direct integral are the L 2 spaces associated to a (σ-finite) countably additive measure μ on a measurable space X. Somewhat more generally one can consider a separable Hilbert space H and the space of square-integrable H-valued functions (,).
In mathematics, the L p spaces are function spaces defined using a natural generalization of the p-norm for finite-dimensional vector spaces.They are sometimes called Lebesgue spaces, named after Henri Lebesgue (Dunford & Schwartz 1958, III.3), although according to the Bourbaki group (Bourbaki 1987) they were first introduced by Frigyes Riesz ().
When () <, a set of functions (,,) is uniformly integrable if and only if it is bounded in (,,) and has uniformly absolutely continuous integrals. If, in addition, μ {\displaystyle \mu } is atomless, then the uniform integrability is equivalent to the uniform absolute continuity of integrals.
For (,) a measurable space, a sequence μ n is said to converge setwise to a limit μ if = ()for every set .. Typical arrow notations are and .. For example, as a consequence of the Riemann–Lebesgue lemma, the sequence μ n of measures on the interval [−1, 1] given by μ n (dx) = (1 + sin(nx))dx converges setwise to Lebesgue measure, but it does not converge in total variation.
If X = [a,b] ⊆ R and μ is Lebesgue measure, there are sequences (g n) of step functions and (h n) of continuous functions converging globally in measure to f. If f and f n (n ∈ N) are in L p (μ) for some p > 0 and (f n) converges to f in the p-norm, then (f n) converges to f globally in measure. The converse is false.
The problem is a differential equation of the form [()] + = for an unknown function y on an interval [a, b], satisfying general homogeneous Robin boundary conditions {() + ′ ′ = + ′ ′ =. The functions p, q, and w are given in advance, and the problem is to find the function y and constants λ for which the equation has a solution.
In mathematics, the Riemann–Lebesgue lemma, named after Bernhard Riemann and Henri Lebesgue, states that the Fourier transform or Laplace transform of an L 1 function vanishes at infinity. It is of importance in harmonic analysis and asymptotic analysis .