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  2. Optics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics

    Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. [1] Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Light is a type of electromagnetic radiation, and other forms of ...

  3. Lens - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens

    A burning apparatus consisting of two biconvex lens. A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction.A simple lens consists of a single piece of transparent material, while a compound lens consists of several simple lenses (elements), usually arranged along a common axis.

  4. History of optics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_optics

    It has been proposed that glass eye covers in hieroglyphs from the Old Kingdom of Egypt (c. 2686–2181 BCE) were functional simple glass meniscus lenses. [39] The so-called Nimrud lens, a rock crystal artifact dated to the 7th century BCE, might have been used as a magnifying glass, although it could have simply been a decoration. [40] [41 ...

  5. Electromagnetic radiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation

    A monochromatic wave (a wave of a single frequency) consists of successive troughs and crests, and the distance between two adjacent crests or troughs is called the wavelength. Waves of the electromagnetic spectrum vary in size, from very long radio waves longer than a continent to very short gamma rays smaller than atom nuclei.

  6. Matter wave - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_wave

    The concept that matter behaves like a wave was proposed by French physicist Louis de Broglie (/ d ə ˈ b r ɔɪ /) in 1924, and so matter waves are also known as de Broglie waves. The de Broglie wavelength is the wavelength , λ , associated with a particle with momentum p through the Planck constant , h : λ = h p . {\displaystyle \lambda ...

  7. Fourier optics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_optics

    Fourier optics begins with the homogeneous, scalar wave equation (valid in source-free regions): (,) = where is the speed of light and u(r,t) is a real-valued Cartesian component of an electromagnetic wave propagating through a free space (e.g., u(r, t) = E i (r, t) for i = x, y, or z where E i is the i-axis component of an electric field E in the Cartesian coordinate system).

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