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The corruption of the Biblical text was elaborated more extensively by ibn Hazm in the 11th century, who popularized the concept of tahrif al-nass "corruption of the text". Ibn Hazm rejected claims of Mosaic authorship and posited that Ezra was the author of the Torah.
The political act of "graft" (American English), is a well known and now global form of political corruption, being the unscrupulous and illegal use of a politician's authority for personal gain, when funds intended for public projects are intentionally misdirected in order to maximize the benefits to illegally private interests of the ...
Education forms the basis and the fabric in which a society is transformed and different facets of well-being are shaped. Corruption in higher education has been prevalent and calls for immediate intervention. Increased corruption in higher education has led to growing global concern among governments, students and educators and other stakeholders.
[5] [6] Jurists have differed as to whether apostasy from Islam and rebellion against a lawful Islamic ruler stated as hiraba are hudud crimes. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Although hiraba along with the way of punishment is mentioned in the Quran, it is narrated that Muhammad applied retaliation , which is a method based on the Quran, for a similar situation ...
Whereas before the twentieth century differences among the Hanafi, and Shafi legal schools, and between the Sunnis, Zaydis, and Ibadi "sectarian scholars" were important; in modern times the significant cleavage in many Islamic legal and political issues (including the forbidding of wrong and commanding of right), is:
In addition to the different criteria to be sought in proving the crime, the evaluation of had crimes in the category of crimes against God's borders leads to a distinction between tazir crimes and others regarding the crime and the approach to the criminal; Which crime falls into which category may vary depending on understanding [18] In Islamic jurisprudence, the fact that the crime is ...
This began the 1981–1982 Iran Massacres, where the Islamic Republic targeted its opposition. [23] [24] [25] The PMOI later declared war against the Islamic Republic and its government. [26] Many moderate Iranian Shias also opposed the Islamic Republic, including Mir Hossein Mousavi, Mehdi Karroubi, and Hussein-Ali Montazeri. [27] [28] [29]
Graft, as understood in American English, is a form of political corruption defined as the unscrupulous use of a politician's authority for personal gain. Political graft occurs when funds intended for public projects are intentionally misdirected in order to maximize the benefits to private interests.