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Such eruptions occur when a very large magma chamber full of gas-rich, silicic magma is emptied in a catastrophic caldera-forming eruption. Ash flow tuffs emplaced by such eruptions are the only volcanic product with volumes rivalling those of flood basalts. [35]
The massive explosive eruption was hundreds of times more powerful than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. A volcanic eruption could just be a simple outpouring of material onto the surface of a planet, but they usually involve a complex mixture of solids, liquids and gases which behave in equally complex ways. [3]
Submarine eruptions occur underwater. An estimated 75% of volcanic eruptive volume is generated by submarine eruptions near mid ocean ridges alone. Problems detecting deep sea volcanic eruptions meant their details were virtually unknown until advances in the 1990s made it possible to observe them. [54]
Ring of Fire – Region around the rim of the Pacific Ocean where many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur; Stratospheric sulfur aerosols – Type of solar radiation modification; Supervolcano – Volcano that has had an eruption with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 8
Volcanologists frequently visit volcanoes, especially active ones, to observe volcanic eruptions, collect eruptive products including tephra (such as ash or pumice), rock and lava samples. One major focus of enquiry is the prediction of eruptions; there is currently no accurate way to do this, but predicting or forecasting eruptions, like ...
Volcanic eruptions don't happen frequently, but when they do, the effects can be devastating and long-lasting, regardless of where they occur. ... Volcanic eruptions can cause disaster on a ...
The pressure of the magma builds until the blockage is blasted out in an explosive eruption through the weakest point in the cone, usually the crater. (However, in the case of the eruption of Mount St. Helens, the pressure was released on the side of the volcano, rather than the crater. [3]). The release of pressure causes more gas to exsolve ...
A volcanic tsunami, also called a volcanogenic tsunami, is a tsunami produced by volcanic phenomena. About 20–25% of all fatalities at volcanoes during the last 250 years have been caused by volcanic tsunamis. The most devastating volcanic tsunami in recorded history was that produced by the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa. The waves reached ...