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A paraganglioma is a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm that may develop at various body sites (including the head, neck, thorax and abdomen). When the same type of tumor is found in the adrenal gland, they are referred to as a pheochromocytoma .
Micrograph highlighting the sustentacular cells in a paraganglioma. S100 immunostain. A sustentacular cell is a type of cell primarily associated with structural support, they can be found in various tissues.
The S100 proteins are a family of low molecular-weight proteins found in vertebrates characterized by two calcium-binding sites that have helix-loop-helix ("EF-hand-type") conformation. At least 21 different S100 proteins are known. [1] They are encoded by a family of genes whose symbols use the S100 prefix, for example, S100A1, S100A2, S100A3.
A gangliocytic paraganglioma is a rare tumour that is typically found in the duodenum and consists of three components: (1) ganglion cells, (2) epithelioid cells (paraganglioma-like) and, (3) spindle cells (schwannoma-like).
It can be the source of paraganglioma. [8]The organ of Zuckerkandl is of pathological significance in the adult as a common extra-adrenal site of pheochromocytoma though the most common extra-adrenal site is in the superior para-aortic region between the diaphragm and lower renal poles.
S100 calcium-binding protein A10 (S100A10), also known as p11, is a protein [5] that is encoded by the S100A10 gene in humans and the S100a10 gene in other species. [6] [7] S100A10 is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing two EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range ...
S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) is a protein of the S100 protein family. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of a wide range of cells, and involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100 genes include at least 13 members which are located as a ...
Protein S100-A1, also known as S100 calcium-binding protein A1 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the S100A1 gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] S100A1 is highly expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle , and localizes to Z-discs and sarcoplasmic reticulum .