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A Kelvin bridge, also called a Kelvin double bridge and in some countries a Thomson bridge, is a measuring instrument used to measure unknown electrical resistors below 1 ohm. It is specifically designed to measure resistors that are constructed as four terminal resistors.
The best-known bridge circuit, the Wheatstone bridge, was invented by Samuel Hunter Christie and popularized by Charles Wheatstone, and is used for measuring resistance. It is constructed from four resistors, two of known values R 1 and R 3 (see diagram), one whose resistance is to be determined R x, and one which is variable and calibrated R 2.
The final stage of a Kelvin–Varley divider is just a Kelvin divider. For a decade divider, there will be ten equal value resistors. Let the value of each resistor be R n Ohms. The input impedance of the entire string will be 10 R n. Alternatively, the last stage can be a two resistor bridge tap.
Four-point measurement of resistance between voltage sense connections 2 and 3. Current is supplied via force connections 1 and 4. In electrical engineering, four-terminal sensing (4T sensing), 4-wire sensing, or 4-point probes method is an electrical impedance measuring technique that uses separate pairs of current-carrying and voltage-sensing electrodes to make more accurate measurements ...
Fig. 3: A Kelvin water dropper set up at the 2014 Cambridge Science Festival. If the buckets are metal conductors, then the built-up charge resides on the outside of the metal, not in the water. This is part of the electrical induction process, and is an example of the related "Faraday's ice bucket".
A Maxwell-Wien bridge. A Maxwell bridge is a modification to a Wheatstone bridge used to measure an unknown inductance (usually of low Q value) in terms of calibrated resistance and inductance or resistance and capacitance. [1] When the calibrated components are a parallel resistor and capacitor, the bridge is known as a Maxwell bridge.
The Wien bridge is a type of bridge circuit that was developed by Max Wien in 1891. [1] The bridge consists of four resistors and two capacitors . At the time of the Wien bridge's invention, bridge circuits were a common way of measuring component values by comparing them to known values.
The most common method of eliminating the liquid junction potential is to place a salt bridge consisting of a saturated solution of potassium chloride (KCl) and ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3) with lithium acetate (CH 3 COOLi) between the two solutions constituting the junction. When such a bridge is used, the ions in the bridge are present in ...