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The higher the branching factor, the faster this "explosion" occurs. The branching factor can be cut down by a pruning algorithm. The average branching factor can be quickly calculated as the number of non-root nodes (the size of the tree, minus one; or the number of edges) divided by the number of non-leaf nodes (the number of nodes with ...
The game tree size is the total number of possible games that can be played. This is the number of leaf nodes in the game tree rooted at the game's initial position.. The game tree is typically vastly larger than the state-space because the same positions can occur in many games by making moves in a different order (for example, in a tic-tac-toe game with two X and one O on the board, this ...
When working with graphs that are too large to store explicitly (or infinite), it is more practical to describe the complexity of breadth-first search in different terms: to find the nodes that are at distance d from the start node (measured in number of edge traversals), BFS takes O(b d + 1) time and memory, where b is the "branching factor ...
Good heuristics are those with low effective branching factor (the optimal being b* = 1). The time complexity is polynomial when the search space is a tree, there is a single goal state, and the heuristic function h meets the following condition:
Alpha–beta pruning is a search algorithm that seeks to decrease the number of nodes that are evaluated by the minimax algorithm in its search tree.It is an adversarial search algorithm used commonly for machine playing of two-player combinatorial games (Tic-tac-toe, Chess, Connect 4, etc.).
Branch and bound; Birthday attack, birthday paradox; Floyd's cycle-finding algorithm; Reduction to linear algebra; Sparsity; Weight function; Minimax algorithm. Alpha–beta pruning; Probabilistic method; Sieve methods; Analytic combinatorics; Symbolic combinatorics; Combinatorial class; Exponential formula; Twelvefold way; MacMahon Master theorem
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The higher the branching factor, the lower the overhead of repeatedly expanded states, [1]: 6 but even when the branching factor is 2, iterative deepening search only takes about twice as long as a complete breadth-first search.