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The German phosgene attack of 19 December 1915 was the first use of phosgene gas against British troops by the German army. The gas attack took place at Wieltje , north-east of Ypres in Belgian Flanders on the Western Front in the First World War .
A Canadian soldier with mustard gas burns, 1917/1918. Mustard gas is not an effective killing agent (though in high enough doses it is fatal) but can be used to harass and disable the enemy and pollute the battlefield. Delivered in artillery shells, mustard gas was heavier than air, and it settled to the ground as an oily liquid.
As a chemical weapon, mustard gas was first used in World War I, and has been used in several armed conflicts since then, including the Iran–Iraq War, resulting in more than 100,000 casualties. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Sulfur-based and nitrogen-based mustard agents are regulated under Schedule 1 of the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention , as substances with ...
Yellow Cross (Gelbkreuz) is a World War I chemical warfare agent usually based on mustard gas (sulfur mustard, HS, Yperite, Lost). The original Gelbkreuz was a composition of 80–90% of sulfur mustard and 10–20% of tetrachloromethane or chlorobenzene as a solvent which lowered its viscosity and acted as an antifreeze , or, alternatively, 80% ...
The first major phosgene-related incident happened in May 1928 when eleven tons of phosgene escaped from a war surplus store in central Hamburg. [40] Three hundred people were poisoned, of whom ten died. [40] In the second half of 20th century several fatal incidents implicating phosgene occurred in Europe, Asia and the US.
The zone rouge (English: red zone) is a chain of non-contiguous areas throughout northeastern France that the French government isolated after the First World War. The land, which originally covered more than 1,200 square kilometres (460 square miles), was deemed too physically and environmentally damaged by conflict for human habitation.
[13] [14] During World War I he studied chemical warfare agents with Georges Urbain at Sorbonne University, particularly the manufacture of phosgene and the detection of mustard gas. [11] In 1918, Grignard discovered that sodium iodide could be used as a battlefield test for mustard gas.
The Western Allies did not use chemical weapons during the Second World War. The British planned to use mustard gas and phosgene to help repel a German invasion in 1940–1941, [91] [92] and had there been an invasion may have also deployed it against German cities. [93]