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It prospered for about four centuries before it was destroyed by Bakhtiyar Khilji along with the other major centres of Buddhism in Eastern India around 1193. [ 7 ] Vikramashila is known to us mainly through Tibetan sources, especially the writings of Tāranātha , the Tibetan monk historian of the 16th–17th centuries.
His invasions destroyed the university establishments at Odantapuri, Vikramashila Mahaviras. [33] [12] Minhaj-i-Siraj Juzjani's Tabaqat-i Nasiri documents Bakhtiyar Khalji's sack of a Buddhist monastery, [12] which the author equates in his description with a city he calls "Bihar", from the soldiers' use of the word vihara. [34]
Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji demolished ancient centers of learning at Nalanda and Vikramshila before orchestrating a widespread massacre upon entering the fort, historical evidence suggests otherwise. The prevailing consensus among historians refutes the portrayal of Bakhtiyar Khalji as a merciless and bloodthirsty military leader.
Sumpa basing his account on that of Śākyaśrībhadra who was at Magadha in 1200, states that the Buddhist university complexes of Odantapuri and Vikramshila were also destroyed and the monks massacred. [82] forces attacked the north-western regions of the Indian subcontinent many times. [83] Many places were destroyed and renamed.
Khaliji destroyed the Nalanda and Vikramshila universities during his raids across North Indian plains, massacring many Buddhist and Brahmin scholars. [ 42 ] According to Lars Fogelin, the Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent is "not a singular event, with a singular cause; it was a centuries-long process."
First university The University of ancient Taxila was a renowned Buddhist ancient institute of higher-learning located in the city of Taxila as well. According to scattered references that were only fixed a millennium later, it may have dated back to at least the fifth century BC. [ 1 ]
Between 2004 and 2013, an estimated. 3,350,449. people were forced from their homes, deprived of their land or had their livelihoods damaged because they lived in the path of a World Bank project.
During the Pala period, Vikramshila was the leading monastery; and the state funding to Vikramshila and Odantapuri far exceeded what was granted to Nalanda. As a result, while Nalanda was struggling for survival around the 11th century CE, Odantapuri had a rival institution thriving under the royal patronage of Palas. [18]