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Even if small amounts are ingested over long periods of time, the prolonged high levels of calcium ions have large negative effects on the animals. [30] The issues these animals experience are muscle weakness, and calcification of blood vessels, heart valves, liver, kidneys, and other soft tissues, which eventually can lead to death. [30]
Vitamin D compounds, specifically cholecalciferol (D3) and ergocalciferol (D2) are used in rodenticides due to their ability to induce hypercalcemia, a condition characterized by elevated calcium levels in the blood. This overdose leads to organ failure and is pharmacologically similar to vitamin D's toxic effects in humans.
Its causes are many and can be divided into conditions that have either true or perceived muscle weakness. True muscle weakness is a primary symptom of a variety of skeletal muscle diseases, including muscular dystrophy and inflammatory myopathy. It occurs in neuromuscular junction disorders, such as myasthenia gravis. Muscle weakness can also ...
Muscle pains, weakness, vomiting, confusion, tea-colored urine, irregular heartbeat [3] [4] Complications: Kidney failure, high blood potassium, low blood calcium, disseminated intravascular coagulation, compartment syndrome [3] Causes: Crush injury, strenuous exercise, medications, substance use, certain infections [3] Diagnostic method
Spastic hypertonia involves uncontrollable muscle spasms, stiffening or straightening out of muscles, shock-like contractions of all or part of a group of muscles, and abnormal muscle tone. It is seen in disorders such as cerebral palsy, stroke, and spinal cord injury. Rigidity is a severe state of hypertonia where muscle resistance occurs ...
Milk-alkali syndrome (MAS), also referred to as calcium-alkali syndrome, is the third most common cause of elevated blood calcium levels (hypercalcemia). [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Milk-alkali syndrome is characterized by hypercalcemia, metabolic alkalosis , and acute kidney injury .
Motor imagery for gait rehabilitation after stroke. The latest evidence supports the short-term benefits of motor imagery (MI) on walking speed in individuals who have had a stroke, in comparison to other therapies. [94] MI does not improve motor function after stroke and does not seem to cause significant adverse events. [94]
Though calcium is the most plentiful electrolyte in the body, a large percentage of it is used to form the bones. [14] It is mainly absorbed and excreted through the GI system. [14] The majority of calcium resides extracellularly, and it is crucial for the function of neurons, muscle cells, function of enzymes, and coagulation. [14]