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Command-query separation is particularly well suited to a design by contract (DbC) methodology, in which the design of a program is expressed as assertions embedded in the source code, describing the state of the program at certain critical times. In DbC, assertions are considered design annotations—not program logic—and as such, their ...
For example, consider the recursive formulation for generating the Fibonacci sequence: F i = F i−1 + F i−2, with base case F 1 = F 2 = 1. Then F 43 = F 42 + F 41, and F 42 = F 41 + F 40. Now F 41 is being solved in the recursive sub-trees of both F 43 as well as F 42. Even though the total number of sub-problems is actually small (only 43 ...
In computer science, divide and conquer is an algorithm design paradigm.A divide-and-conquer algorithm recursively breaks down a problem into two or more sub-problems of the same or related type, until these become simple enough to be solved directly.
The number of times that the code runs is a preset value, indicating that at runtime, this cannot be changed. It must complete the task the number of times given. ‘While’ is an algorithm very similar to the operation of a ‘for’ algorithm, where a task is completed a number of times.
This can simplify the definition of some functions. For example, writing a function to output the first n square numbers in Racket can be done accordingly: ( define ( first-n-squares n ) ( map ( lambda ( x ) ( * x x )) ;;; A function mapping x -> x^2 ( range n ))) ;;; List of the first n non-negative integers
Python 2.5 implements better support for coroutine-like functionality, based on extended generators Python 3.3 improves this ability, by supporting delegating to a subgenerator ( PEP 380 ) Python 3.4 introduces a comprehensive asynchronous I/O framework as standardized in PEP 3156 , which includes coroutines that leverage subgenerator delegation
In computer science, syntactic sugar is syntax within a programming language that is designed to make things easier to read or to express. It makes the language "sweeter" for human use: things can be expressed more clearly, more concisely, or in an alternative style that some may prefer.
A useful special case is loop peeling, which can simplify a loop with a problematic first iteration by performing that iteration separately before entering the loop. Loop unswitching Unswitching moves a conditional from inside a loop to outside the loop by duplicating the loop's body inside each of the if and else clauses of the conditional.