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  2. Properties of concrete - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_concrete

    The ultimate strength of concrete is influenced by the water-cementitious ratio (w/cm), the design constituents, and the mixing, placement and curing methods employed.All things being equal, concrete with a lower water-cement (cementitious) ratio makes a stronger concrete than that with a higher ratio. [2]

  3. Void ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_ratio

    where is the void ratio, is the porosity, V V is the volume of void-space (gases and liquids), V S is the volume of solids, and V T is the total (or bulk) volume. This figure is relevant in composites , in mining (particular with regard to the properties of tailings ), and in soil science .

  4. Schmidt hammer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt_hammer

    The test hammer hits the concrete at a defined energy. Its rebound is dependent on the hardness of the concrete and is measured by the test equipment. By reference to a conversion chart, the rebound value can be used to determine the concrete's compressive strength. When conducting the test, the hammer should be held at right angles to the ...

  5. List of unusual units of measurement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unusual_units_of...

    [citation needed] In the concrete and petroleum industry, however, a bag of cement is defined as 94 lb (43 kg) because it has an apparent volume close to 1 cubic foot (28 litres). [64] When ready-mix concrete is specified, a "bag mix" unit is used as if the batching company mixes 5 literal bags of cement per cubic yard (or cubic metre) when a ...

  6. Water–cement ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water–cement_ratio

    A w/c ratio higher than 0.60 is not acceptable as fresh concrete becomes "soup" [2] and leads to a higher porosity and to very poor quality hardened concrete as publicly stated by Prof. Gustave Magnel (1889-1955, Ghent University, Belgium) during an official address to American building contractors at the occasion of one of his visits in the ...

  7. California bearing ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_bearing_ratio

    The CBR is expressed as a percentage of the actual load causing the penetrations of 2.5 mm or 5.0 mm to the standard loads on crushed stone. A load penetration curve is drawn. The load values on standard crushed stones are 1,370 kgf (13.44 kN) and 2,055 kgf (20.15 kN) at 2.5 mm and 5.0 mm penetrations respectively. [citation needed]

  8. Creep and shrinkage of concrete - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/.../Creep_and_shrinkage_of_concrete

    Creep and shrinkage of concrete are two physical properties of concrete. The creep of concrete, which originates from the calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) in the hardened Portland cement paste (which is the binder of mineral aggregates), is fundamentally different from the creep of metals and polymers.

  9. Electrical resistivity measurement of concrete - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistivity...

    These values have to be used cautiously as there is strong evidence that chloride diffusion and surface electrical resistivity is dependent on other factors such as mix composition and age. [6] The electrical resistivity of the concrete cover layer decreases due to: [7] Increasing concrete water content; Increasing concrete porosity; Increasing ...

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