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In Freudian psychology, externalization (or externalisation) is a defense mechanism by which an individual projects their own internal characteristics onto the outside world, particularly onto other people. [1] For example, a patient who is overly argumentative might instead perceive others as argumentative and themselves as blameless.
Semantic externalism is the first form of externalism which was dubbed so. As the name suggests it focuses on mental content of semantic nature. Semantic externalism suggests that the mental content does not supervene on what is in the head. Yet the physical basis and mechanisms of the mind remain inside the head.
A side effect or externality associated with such activity is the pollination of surrounding crops by the bees. The value generated by the pollination may be more important than the value of the harvested honey. The corporate development of some free software (studied notably by Jean Tirole and Steven Weber [35])
If people have too much external justification for their actions, cognitive dissonance does not occur, and thus, attitude change is unlikely to occur. On the other hand, when people cannot find external justification for their behavior, they must attempt to find internal justification—they reduce dissonance by changing their attitudes or behaviors.
information had little net effect in our sample, while the subtle manipulation of convenience had a large effect on calorie intake. Encouraging Healthy Eating Behaviors Despite the focus of current and past legislation on providing information, there is little evidence that doing so has much impact.
(The Center Square) – While many states expanded and adopted school choice programs in 2024, some advocates are excited about new education options for families in 2025 – made possible because ...
This chart illustrates the prisoner's dilemma, one of the most famous examples of game theory. Social dilemmas have attracted a great deal of interest in the social and behavioral sciences. Economists, biologists, psychologists, sociologists, and political scientists alike study behavior in social dilemmas.
Drinking coffee could extend your life up to two years, new research finds. Regular coffee consumption was found to be associated with increased health span (time spent living free from serious ...