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The size of the brain is a frequent topic of study within the fields of anatomy, biological anthropology, animal science and evolution.Measuring brain size and cranial capacity is relevant both to humans and other animals, and can be done by weight or volume via MRI scans, by skull volume, or by neuroimaging intelligence testing.
A number of studies have reported a moderate statistical correlation between differences in IQ and brain size between individuals in the same group. [ 179 ] [ 180 ] Some scholars have reported differences in average brain sizes between racial groups, [ 181 ] although this is unlikely to be a good measure of IQ as brain size also differs between ...
The amygdala, which is the most researched brain region in racism studies, shows much greater activation while viewing other-race faces than same-race faces. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 12 ] This region of the brain is associated with fear conditioning, and has many connections with the cortex to control the body’s emotional response. [ 3 ]
Morton claimed that he could judge the intellectual capacity of a race by the skull size. A large skull meant a large brain and high intellectual capacity, and a small skull indicated a small brain and decreased intellectual capacity. Morton collected hundreds of human skulls from all over the world.
Rushton argues "race differences in brain size likely underlie their multifarious life history outcomes". [152] Rushton's theories are defended by other scientific racists such as Glayde Whitney. Whitney published works suggesting higher crime rates among people of African descent can be partially attributed to genetics. [153]
The sequence of human evolution from Australopithecus (four million years ago) to Homo sapiens (modern humans) was marked by a steady increase in brain size. [266] [267] As brain size increased, this altered the size and shape of the skull, [268] from about 600 cm 3 in Homo habilis to an average of about 1520 cm 3 in Homo neanderthalensis. [269]
The human brain perceives the external world through the senses, and each individual human is influenced greatly by his or her experiences, leading to subjective views of existence and the passage of time. [319] The nature of thought is central to psychology and related fields.
Race is a categorization of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into groups generally viewed as distinct within a given society. [1] The term came into common usage during the 16th century, when it was used to refer to groups of various kinds, including those characterized by close kinship relations. [2]