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Phosgene was used by the German army from the end of May 1915, when attacks were conducted on the Western Front against French troops and on the Eastern Front on Russians, where 12,000 cylinders with 240–264 long tons (244–268 t) of 95 per cent chlorine and 5 per cent phosgene was discharged on a 7.5 mi (12 km) front at Bolimów. [5]
British emplacement after German gas attack (probably phosgene) It quickly became evident that the men who stayed in their places suffered less than those who ran away, as any movement worsened the effects of the gas, and that those who stood up on the fire step suffered less—indeed they often escaped any serious effects—than those who lay down or sat at the bottom of a trench.
Phosgene was first deployed as a chemical weapon by the French in 1915 in World War I. [24] It was also used in a mixture with an equal volume of chlorine, with the chlorine helping to spread the denser phosgene. [25] [26] Phosgene was more potent than chlorine, though some symptoms took 24 hours or more to manifest.
These attacks marked the first widespread employment of gas warfare in the post-WWI era. [48] The Spanish army indiscriminately used phosgene, diphosgene, chloropicrin and mustard gas against civilian populations, markets and rivers.
Traces of a toxic, colorless gas were found at the headquarters of Sweden’s security agency where a suspected gas leak last week forced authorities to evacuate some 500 people from the facility ...
Over Here: The First World War and American Society (Oxford University Press, 2004) Koistinen, Paul A.C. "The 'Industrial-Military Complex' in Historical Perspective: World War I," Business History Review (1967): 378–403. in JSTOR; Koistinen, Paul A. C. Mobilizing for Modern War: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1865–1919 (1997 ...
The gas had a devastating effect, killing many defenders or, when the wind direction changed and blew the gas back, many attackers. The wind being unreliable, another way had to be found to transmit the gas. It began being delivered in artillery shells. [14] Later, mustard gas, phosgene and other gasses were used. Britain and France soon ...
Green Cross (Grünkreuz) is a World War I chemical warfare pulmonary agent consisting of chloropicrin (PS, Aquinite, Klop), phosgene (CG, Collongite) and/or trichloromethyl chloroformate (Surpalite, Perstoff). Green Cross is also a generic World War I German marking for artillery shells with pulmonary agents (chemical payload affecting the ...