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Calcium aluminates can form complex salts in combination with different types of anions.Two series of calcium aluminates are known in cement chemistry: AFm and AFt phases, being respectively mono- or tri-substituted with a given divalent anion X (e.g. SO 2− 4, CO 2− 3, or hosting a divalent impurity such as SeO 2− 4 [3]...), or with two units of a monovalent anion, e.g. OH −, Cl − ...
Its forms an impure solid solution that deviates markedly in composition from the simple chemical formula. The calcium aluminoferrite phase acts as a repository for many of the minor elements in the clinker. Most of the transition metals in the cement are found in the ferrite phase, notably titanium, manganese and zinc.
An AFm phase is an "alumina, ferric oxide, monosubstituted" phase, or aluminate ferrite monosubstituted, or Al 2 O 3, Fe 2 O 3 mono, in cement chemist notation (CCN). AFm phases are important hydration products in the hydration of Portland cements and hydraulic cements.
The method of making cement from limestone (CaCO 3) and low-silica bauxite (Al 2 O 3) was patented in France in 1908 by Bied of the Pavin de Lafarge Company. The initial development was as a result of the search for a cement offering sulfate resistance. The cement was known as "Ciment fondu" and "Ciment électro-fondu" in French. [2] [3]
Cement hydration and strength development mainly depend on two silicate phases: tricalcium silicate (C 3 S) , and dicalcium silicate (C 2 S) . [1] Upon hydration, the main reaction products are calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) and calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2, written as CH in the cement chemist notation. C-S-H is the phase playing the role of ...
Cement chemist notation (CCN) was developed to simplify the formulas cement chemists use on a daily basis. It is a shorthand way of writing the chemical formula of oxides of calcium , silicon , and various metals .
Chemical plant cost indexes are dimensionless numbers employed to updating capital cost required to erect a chemical plant from a past date to a later time, following changes in the value of money due to inflation and deflation. Since, at any given time, the number of chemical plants is insufficient to use in a preliminary or predesign estimate ...
The alkali–silica reaction (ASR), also commonly known as concrete cancer, [3] is a deleterious internal swelling reaction that occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and the reactive amorphous (i.e., non-crystalline) silica found in many common aggregates, given sufficient moisture.
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