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The Ottomans tried to leave the choice of religion to the individual rather than imposing forced classifications. However, there were grey areas. Ottoman Greeks in Constantinople, painted by Luigi Mayer. Ottoman practice assumed that law would be applied based on the religious beliefs of its citizens.
Since the founding of the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman law and religious life were defined by the Hanafi madhab (school of Islamic jurisprudence). With respect to creed, the Maturidi school was majorly adhered to, dominating madrassahs (Islamic Both the Maturidi and Ash'ari schools of Islamic theology used Ilm al-Kalam to understand the Quran and the hadith (sayings and actions of Mohammed and the ...
The Ottoman imperial system was charactised by an intricate combination of official Muslim hegemony over non-Muslims and a wide degree of religious tolerance. While religious minorities were never equal under the law, they were granted recognition, protection, and limited freedoms under both Islamic and Ottoman tradition. [232]
The Ottoman Empire was indeed known at that time for its religious tolerance. Various religious refugees, such as the Huguenots, some Anglicans, Quakers, Anabaptists or even Jesuits or Capuchins were able to find refuge at Istanbul and in the Ottoman Empire, [12] where they were given right of residence and worship. [13]
Tax collection, education, legal and religious affairs of these communities were administered by their own leaders. This enabled the Ottomans to rule over diverse peoples with "a minimum of resistance". The Jewish community, in particular, prospered under Ottoman rule, and its ranks were swelled with the arrival of Jews who were expelled from ...
The Ottomans were relatively religiously tolerant and this tolerance allowed Protestantism to gain traction, unlike in Royal Hungary where the Habsburgs repressed it. By the end of the 16th century, around 90% of the population was Protestant, mainly Calvinist.
Although the status of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire may have been exaggerated, [4] it is undeniable that some tolerance was enjoyed. Under the millet system, non-Muslims were organized as autonomous communities on the basis of religion (viz. Orthodox millet, Armenian millet, etc.).
When the Arab East came under Ottoman rule in the 16th century, Christian populations and fortunes rebounded significantly. The Ottomans had long experience dealing with Christian and Jewish minorities, and were more tolerant towards religious minorities than the former Muslim rulers, the Mamluks of Egypt. [91]