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Selective breeding (also called artificial selection) is the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (characteristics) by choosing which typically animal or plant males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together.
To maintain these distinctions, humans have intentionally mated dogs with certain characteristics to encourage those characteristics in the offspring. Through this process, hundreds of dog breeds have been developed. Artificial selection in dog breeding has influenced behavior, shape, and size of dogs. [5]
Montage showing the morphological variation of the dog. A dog breed is a particular type of dog that was purposefully bred by humans to perform specific tasks, such as herding, hunting, and guarding. Dogs are the most variable mammal on Earth, with artificial selection producing upward of 360 globally recognized breeds. [1]
As such, the domestication of the dog is a prominent example of social selection rather than artificial selection. [12] [13] The archaeological record and genetic analysis show the remains of the Bonn-Oberkassel dog buried beside humans 14,200 years ago to be the first undisputed dog, with disputed remains occurring 36,000 years ago.
Domestication has been defined as "a sustained multi-generational, mutualistic relationship in which one organism assumes a significant degree of influence over the reproduction and care of another organism in order to secure a more predictable supply of a resource of interest, and through which the partner organism gains advantage over individuals that remain outside this relationship ...
Dogs, on the other hand, were selectively bred for desirable behavioral traits. [104] [105] In 2016, a study found that only 11 fixed genes showed variation between wolves and dogs. [106] These gene variations indicate the occurrence of artificial selection and the subsequent divergence of
Experimental Evolution Publications by Ted Garland: Artificial Selection for High Voluntary Wheel-Running Behavior in House Mice — a detailed list of publications. Experimental Evolution — a list of laboratories that study experimental evolution. Network for Experimental Research on Evolution, University of California.
[1] The "subjective selection of breeding stock" in horses has led to many horse breeds with particular performance traits. [2] While breeding animals is common in an agricultural setting , it is also a common practice for the purpose of selling animals meant as pets , such as cats , dogs , horses , and birds , as well as less common animals ...