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Most GNSS-based toll systems process trip data at a back office (using a "thin client" approach), while some systems have been designed so that all the map matching and fee calculations take place within the OBU itself ("thick client" or "fat client), and some systems combine both approaches.
Electronic toll collection (ETC) is a wireless system to automatically collect the usage fee or toll charged to vehicles using toll roads, HOV lanes, toll bridges, and toll tunnels. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is a faster alternative which is replacing toll booths , where vehicles must stop and the driver manually pays the toll with cash or a card.
All major GNSS receiver chips support Galileo and hundreds of end-user devices are compatible with Galileo. [10] The first, dual-frequency-GNSS-capable Android devices, which track more than one radio signal from each satellite, E1 and E5a frequencies for Galileo, were the Huawei Mate 20 line, Xiaomi Mi 8, Xiaomi Mi 9 and Xiaomi Mi MIX 3.
GNSS-2 is the second generation of systems that independently provide a full civilian satellite navigation system, exemplified by the European Galileo positioning system. [5] These systems will provide the accuracy and integrity monitoring necessary for civil navigation; including aircraft.
Toll Collect GmbH is a German company that has developed and is running the tolling system for trucks on German motorways. The company was a consortium led by Daimler AG , Deutsche Telekom , and Cofiroute until 2018 when it was taken over by German Government.
Spacecraft use GNSS as a navigational tool. The addition of a GNSS receiver to a spacecraft allows precise orbit determination without a ground tracking station. This, in turn, enables autonomous spacecraft navigation, formation flying, and autonomous rendezvous. The use of GNSS in MEO, GEO, HEO, and highly elliptical orbits is feasible only if ...
Bakwena N1N4 Toll Concession [2] The Bakwena N1N4 Toll is a separate system and has been operating for the past 12 years. The e-tag system employed by Sanral is also compatible with the current Bakwena tags and may be registered with Sanral's e-toll system for use on certain sections of the N1 and N4 towards Bela-Bela, Rustenburg and Botswana. [3]
Tracking: shows where the tracked object have been. (This functionality relies past positioning data to be stored, so not just the "software" technically). Additional functions that extends the capabilities of satellite navigation software includes: Searching: finds locations with addresses or GNSS coordinates (latitude and longitude).
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