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Global distribution of incoming shortwave solar radiation averaged over the years 1981–2010 from the CHELSA-BIOCLIM+ data set [1] The shield effect of Earth's atmosphere on solar irradiation. The top image is the annual mean solar irradiation (or insolation) at the top of Earth's atmosphere (TOA); the bottom image shows the annual insolation ...
The history of 10/15/30-minute time-series of solar irradiance data is aggregated into long-term yearly or monthly averages, representing the climate reference. Data is available between the parallels 60°N and 55°S in the form of gridded data (rasters) with the nominal pixel size of 250 m.
As at Dec 6, 2024, solar cycle 25 is averaging 39% more spots per day than solar cycle 24 at the same point in the cycle (Dec 6, 2013). Year 1 of SC25 (Dec 2019 to Nov 2020) averaged 101% more spots per day than year 1 of SC24.
Since 1978, solar irradiance has been directly measured by satellites with very good accuracy. [11]: 6 These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance fluctuates by +-0.1% over the ~11 years of the solar cycle, but that its average value has been stable since the measurements started in 1978.
Typical meteorological year (TMY) is a collation of selected weather data for a specific location, listing hourly values of solar radiation and meteorological elements for a one-year period. The values are generated from a data bank much longer than a year in duration, at least 12 years.
A physics-based prediction relying on the data-driven solar ... These effects are caused by impact of the increased level of solar radiation ... average solar ...
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The solar "constant" is not a physical constant in the modern CODATA scientific sense; that is, it is not like the Planck constant or the speed of light which are absolutely constant in physics. The solar constant is an average of a varying value. In the past 400 years it has varied less than 0.2 percent. [2]