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Segmentation faults can also occur independently of page faults: illegal access to a valid page is a segmentation fault, but not an invalid page fault, and segmentation faults can occur in the middle of a page (hence no page fault), for example in a buffer overflow that stays within a page but illegally overwrites memory.
On x86 there exists an older memory management mechanism known as segmentation. If the application loads a segment register with the selector of a non-present segment (which under POSIX-compliant OSes can only be done with assembly language), the exception is generated. Some OSes used that for swapping, but under Linux this generates SIGBUS.
If a page fault occurs for a reference to an address that is not part of the virtual address space, meaning there cannot be a page in memory corresponding to it, then it is called an invalid page fault. The page fault handler in the operating system will then generally pass a segmentation fault to the offending process, indicating that the ...
The following is an excerpt from the Segfault story "Man clicks Internet banner ad": [3]. For the first time in recent memory, someone actually clicked an Internet banner ad.
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A fault model, falls under one of the following assumptions: single fault assumption: only one fault occur in a circuit. if we define k possible fault types in our fault model the circuit has n signal lines, by single fault assumption, the total number of single faults is k×n. multiple fault assumption: multiple faults may occur in a circuit.
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