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ln(r) is the standard natural logarithm of the real number r. Arg(z) is the principal value of the arg function; its value is restricted to (−π, π]. It can be computed using Arg(x + iy) = atan2(y, x). Log(z) is the principal value of the complex logarithm function and has imaginary part in the range (−π, π].
The product logarithm Lambert W function plotted in the complex plane from −2 − 2i to 2 + 2i The graph of y = W(x) for real x < 6 and y > −4.The upper branch (blue) with y ≥ −1 is the graph of the function W 0 (principal branch), the lower branch (magenta) with y ≤ −1 is the graph of the function W −1.
Therefore, their graphs correspond to each other upon exchanging the x - and the y-coordinates (or upon reflection at the diagonal line x = y), as shown at the right: a point (t, u = b t) on the graph of f yields a point (u, t = log b u) on the graph of the logarithm and vice versa.
A log–log plot of y = x (blue), y = x 2 (green), and y = x 3 (red). Note the logarithmic scale markings on each of the axes, and that the log x and log y axes (where the logarithms are 0) are where x and y themselves are 1. Comparison of linear, concave, and convex functions when plotted using a linear scale (left) or a log scale (right).
The brightness of the color is used to show the modulus of the complex logarithm. The real part of log(z) is the natural logarithm of | z |. Its graph is thus obtained by rotating the graph of ln(x) around the z-axis. In mathematics, a complex logarithm is a generalization of the natural logarithm to nonzero complex numbers. The term refers to ...
In mathematics, a generating function is a representation of an infinite sequence of numbers as the coefficients of a formal power series.Generating functions are often expressed in closed form (rather than as a series), by some expression involving operations on the formal series.
Plotted graphs are: y = 10 x (red), y = x (green), y = log e (x) (blue). The top left graph is linear in the X- and Y-axes, and the Y-axis ranges from 0 to 10. A base-10 log scale is used for the Y-axis of the bottom left graph, and the Y-axis ranges from 0.1 to 1000. The top right graph uses a log-10 scale for just the X-axis, and the bottom ...
If X is a discrete random variable taking values x in the non-negative integers {0,1, ...}, then the probability generating function of X is defined as [1] G ( z ) = E ( z X ) = ∑ x = 0 ∞ p ( x ) z x , {\displaystyle G(z)=\operatorname {E} (z^{X})=\sum _{x=0}^{\infty }p(x)z^{x},} where p {\displaystyle p} is the probability mass ...