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In particle physics, proton decay is a hypothetical form of particle decay in which the proton decays into lighter subatomic particles, such as a neutral pion and a positron. [1] The proton decay hypothesis was first formulated by Andrei Sakharov in 1967. Despite significant experimental effort, proton decay has never been observed.
It was a 30-ton tracking calorimeter whose primary purpose was to search for proton decay. [1] It set a lower limit on the lifetime of the proton of 1.6×10 30 years as well as upper limits on the density of magnetic monopoles. [2] It also served as a prototype for the following Soudan 2 and MINOS experiments.
IMB detected fast-moving particles such as those produced by proton decay or neutrino interactions by picking up the Cherenkov radiation generated when such a particle moves faster than light's speed in water. Since directional information was available from the phototubes, IMB was able to estimate the initial direction of neutrinos.
The estimated time for all nucleons in the observable universe to decay, if the hypothesized proton half-life takes its smallest possible value (8.2 × 10 33 years). [147] [note 4] 10 36 –10 38 (1–100 undecillion) The estimated time for all remaining planets and stellar-mass objects, including the Sun, to disintegrate if proton decay can ...
Soudan 2 was the successor to the Soudan 1, a similar 30 ton detector also intended to search for proton decay. [2] The excavation for Soudan 2 was done in 1984–1985. Installation was started in 1986 and was completed in 1993. The experiment was run from April 1989 to June 2001, beginning with a partial detector of 275 tons. [3]
"Ivanpah is yet another failed green energy boondoggle, much like Solyndra," Jason Isaac, CEO of the American Energy Institute, an American energy advocacy group, told Fox News Digital in a statement.
President Donald Trump's effort to unilaterally wind down the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has sparked a heated debate about the agency's role in pandemic response.
This is a list of organizations opposing mainstream science by frequently challenging the facts and conclusions recognized by the mainstream scientific community. By claiming to employ the scientific method in order to advance certain fringe ideas and theories, they are often charged with promotion of various forms of pseudoscience.